Saturday, August 22, 2020

Racism as defined by mass media Essay

Oscar H. Gandy Jr. characterizes bigotry as, â€Å"the procedure of practicing force or looking to practice power concerning individuals characterized by distinguishing them as an individual from a specific race.†1 Racism and race come from the personality one puts onto certain gatherings of people dependent on their shading. The character that one structures is gained from various spots including guardians, religion, school, government and, on today’s youth, primarily broad communications, for example, TV and music. In this article one will concentrate on the impact that broad communications has on our character position of race. Clearly all types of print and electronic media, from news media to books, films, TV, radio, and every other type of media all things considered speak to our picture of ourselves. 2 The concentration with the end goal of this article will be on news media, TV and music, being the most persuasive types of media, while concentrating on the young people of today, being the least demanding to impact. News media has extraordinary force in impacting how individuals distinguish themselves by how they are spoken to on the. The generalizations that TV has appeared, are seen by numerous youthful people of shading, and are depicting how their race is seen upon among society. Music has the best impact on youthful African-Americans, which see their golden calves as those appeared in music recordings. Broad communications in an aggregate structure, despite the fact that may speak to people of shading, impact the watchers of shading, how they ought to recognize themselves.3 Mass media reflects what we think we are and impacts what we figure we ought to be. Starting with the report from an across the nation news station to a nearby paper or news program. News media can generalization and arrange ethnic minorities, by utilizing words, for example, minority. Never are minorities not called minorities in any event, when they take up 33% of Canada’s populace. Alongside arranging ethnic minorities with the utilization of minority, they incorporate words like wrongdoing, destitution and others that generalization individuals of colour.4 This is seen by youthful non-whites, which cause them to accept that this how things are and how they ought to be. The media presently have the capacity to adjust our view of ourselves, and change the manner in which we live our lives. Youthful African-Americans, who see the news and perceive how their race is being spoken to, may conceivably adjust their impression of their lives and view themselves as lawbreakers, when the news relates their race to criminal acts. The uncommonness of acknowledgment an ethnic minority gets in the educational procedures, is seen among the young people of today. Obviously there must be somebody, some place of shading, â€Å"writing or saying something that ought to be tuned in to, or creating craftsmanship that ought to be seen, heard, drew closer with scholarly seriousness.†5 This inability to perceive people of shading will impact youth not to seek after scholarly readings and to learn instructive subjects, which are not spoken to by their race. In â€Å"Postmodern Blackness† by Bell Hooks, its states, â€Å"This talk made the possibility of the ‘primitive’ and advanced the idea of a ‘authentic’ experience, seeing as ‘natural’ those outflows of dark life, which adjusted to a prior example or stereotype.†6 In the news when we see an ethnic minority perpetrating a wrongdoing or something to that affect, we see it similar to an ordinary demonstration and this how things are in our general public. Whites and non-whites the same view the news and make suppositions about how they should act, what their qualities ought to be, and how they live their day by day lives. The young people of today will be the original to grow up in a North America where racial minorities are the numeric greater part. The eventual fate of decent variety will rely upon a child’s discernment upon the situation of racial personalities. The young people of all races should extend their origination of race and race relations in manners their folks never knew. Is it significant for kids to see individuals of their own race on TV? Offspring of shading are well on the way to think so. Caucasian and African-American kids can say they see characters of their race on TV while Latino and Asian youngsters are significantly less prone to see their race represented.7 It is how they are spoken to which will influence the impact TV will have on kids. While some TV slots do show enhancement in their programming, for example, OMNI, they are not giving a practical perspective. At the point when a Caucasian character on TV is poor, apathetic and unintelligent, the demonstrate is viewed as hilarious, for example, ‘The Simpson’s’ or ‘Married with Children’, and not taken as reasonable. While, when they are effective, rich and scholarly, the demonstrate is viewed as emotional and saw as being reasonable. African-American characters are seldom introduced as being poor, apathetic and unintelligent, however consistently rich and fruitful, for example, ‘The Cosby Show’ and ‘Fresh Prince of Bel-Air’, and are constantly intended to be clever, yet never paid attention to or all things considered. Shows like these impact African-American kids that their race isn't paid attention to and are seen as being funny. This would influence a youthful African-American’s believing is a feeling that he is assume to be a humorist. Numerous network shows give minority on-screen characters, minority jobs. Taxi drives in many sitcoms are consistently non-white, market laborers and corner store orderlies are consistently non-white, in shows, for example, ‘Seinfeld’. In spite of the fact that these sitcoms are not assume to be taken sensible, youthful people of all races are bound to connect constructive qualities with Caucasian characters and antagonistic attributes with minority characters. Sitcoms and other TV programs can adjust these observations, yet keep on generalizing minorities. As yet centering upon the offspring of today, since they have extraordinary confidence in the media’s power and it’s potential to impact them. Media can instruct kids that individuals of their race are important.8 If TV had appears, which uniformly appropriated the job of characters to all races highlighting equity and enhancement, they can achieve communicating something specific of the significance all things considered. Kids seek the media for good examples and copy their preferred character. From the manner in which they dress, talk, style their hair to following the messages sent by their characters. From the hair styles of the ladies on ‘Friends’ to the loose forms of the hip-bounce scene, the impact of media on today’s kids can be seen all over the place. Past shallow messages about style and appearance, youngsters are getting progressively developmental messages from the media. The characters they respect and the reports they watch impart both unobtrusive and express signs about their qualities, their families and their race.9 This shows the significance of the messages being conveyed by broad communications and the significance of various characters and the attributes they depict. Numerous African-American kids will look to African-American characters for icons and will depict them. In â€Å"The New Cultural Politics of Difference,† Cornel West states, The broad present day European forswearing of the knowledge, capacity, excellence, and character of ethnic minorities puts an enormous weight on pundits and specialists of shading to ‘prove’ themselves considering standards and models set by White elites whose own legacy debased and dehumanized them. To put it plainly, in the court of analysis and craftsmanship †or any issues with respect to the life of the psyche †non-white individuals are blameworthy (i.e., not expected to satisfy guidelines of scholarly accomplishment) until ‘proven’ honest (i.e., satisfactory to ‘us’).10 The picture that non-white individuals are blameworthy until demonstrated honest delineates to youthful people of all hues that along these lines, ethnic minorities are not as scholarly as Caucasians. In â€Å"Postmodern Blackness,† Bell Hooks states, It is no mishap that â€Å"rap† has usurped the essential situation of musicality and blues music among youthful dark people as the most wanted sound or that it started as a type of â€Å"testimony† for the underclass. It has empowered underclass dark youth to build up a basic voice as a gathering of youthful dark men let me know, a â€Å"common literacy.† Rap extends a basic voice, clarifying, requesting, urging.11 To all youthful African-Americans, this message is stating that their solitary voice, their lone outlet, is through diversion in the method of music. They are insufficient African-American authors to permit them to consider an outlet that is insightful. They believe they need to depict the picture that is being sent to them through rappers and artists the same to dress, talk, walk and act the way these rappers ‘say they do,’ in drinking, smoking and heading for drugs. Youthful African-American men that watch rap recordings, sports, motion pictures and may see numerous men of their race in this types of media, however the picture they speak to is that on the off chance that you can't make it as a rapper, on-screen character or competitor, you’ll never become rich and fruitful. Infrequently are there pictures on news media about well off African-American agents except if it’s criminal; seldom are business appears on TV indicated where dark businesspeople are the depiction of the show. They might be an irregularity, yet ought not be and should be examined in business matters. Taking a gander at music for impacts, from Stanford, Kathleen O’Toole places in best, Music modifies and increases their states of mind, outfits quite a bit of their slang, overwhelms their discussions and gives the mood at their parties. Music styles characterize the groups and inner circles they run in. Music personalit

Romeo Juliet Essay Example

Romeo Juliet Essay The sad play of Romeo and Juliet was composed by a widely acclaimed content author William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was conceived in 1564 and passed on in 1616. William Shakespeare is for his incredible commitment to English writing. Despite the fact that about 400 after his passing, numerous individuals decide to consider his work over numerous different essayists. A lot of his work has been deciphered in an assortment of dialects. Shakespeare has achieved numerous splendid bits of writing, similar to; pieces, sonnets and play contents. One of his most well known plays was Romeo and Juliet. This play is about a sentimental disaster of two darlings whos opportunity to communicate their adoration is torn by the contempt between the families they are from. Both are youthful and na㠯⠿â ½ve, they saw love in a totally different idea. Many movie chiefs have utilized the topic of this play in their motion pictures. A few executives utilize the entire content or a large portion of the content and have made numerous movies dependent on Shakespeares work.The end of the play brought about both of their lamentable passings. The accompanying paper will investigate how the characters and relationship of Romeo and Juliet develop between act 1 and act 2.At the absolute starting point of the play before Romeo and Juliet meet, he feels profoundly disheartened in light of the fact that Rosaline, the young lady he adores has dismissed him. Now he feels sorry for himself along these lines: ay me miserable hours appear to be long. Romeos character is exceptionally exaggerated; he takes things that have transpired truly. Montague, Romeos father says that toward the beginning of the day he sees Romeo crying: Many a morning hath there been seen, with tears. Shakespeare depicts Romeos character as being truly respected to circumstances that don't go to his agreement. Now the crowd will consider Romeo to resemble a spoilt young person, remembering that he is from an exceptionally high class and status family and the lone offspring of the Montague couple.Like most of youngsters of Romeos age, they are continually issues with issues concerning affection and connections. Nonetheless, in Romeos circumstance, Shakespeare has utilized the impact of adoration on Romeo yet the crowd sees Romeo paying attention to his feelings and results incredibly as though it were to be an intense circumstance: Away from light takes home my substantial child, and private in his chamber pens himself, quiets down his windows, bolts far sunlight and makes himself a counterfeit night. This statement shows that Romeo is hutting himself in his chamber, this exhibits Romeo needs to be without anyone else. By and large, the principal looks at Romeo shows himself just like a narcissistic youngster who pays attention to things very, which isn't necessary.On the other hand, Juliets character before she meets Romeo is entirely respected as well and furthermore submissive. From the start, Juli ets father defied her with a proposition from a man called Paris: But now, my Lord, what express you to my suit. Be that as it may, Juliet says herself that she has not thought of marriage yet: It is a respect that I dream not of. Juliet reveals to her mom that she has contemplated marriage, yet, she isn't enthused about being hitched. This is on the grounds that she portrays marriage as a respect. Further on, Juliets mother Lady Capulet inquires as to whether she could cherish Paris: Speak quickly, would you be able to like Paris love? Juliet answers by saying: Ill hope to like, if looking loving move: But not any more profound will I endart my eye than your assent invigorates me to make it fly. Juliets reaction is that she will attempt to bond and like Paris if her folks give her their assent. Shakespeare is introducing to the crowd that Juliet now is respectful to her folks; she will just do what satisfies her parents.Another normal for Juliet is that she is revered, and as a res ult of this she is secured by her family, the Capulet family. A statement which recommends this is: My kid is yet an alien to the world. Her dad is disclosing to Paris that his little girl is new to the world. She has no comprehension of the happenings outside the Capulet house. The past statement could likewise recommend that she is as yet youthful. Capulet is defensive towards his lone little girl: And soon marrd are those so early made, Capulet is stating that it could destroy Juliet is she gets hitched and conceives an offspring at an early age. This fundamentally shows he is worried about her prosperity so he keeps her from marriage until a specific point in time: let two summers shrink in their pride, Capulet is giving his agree to Paris to wed Juliet after the death of two summers so she can develop more. Juliet is the main little girl of Capulet that implies that she will most likely be spoilt and will be ensured. Capulet says himself that she is his reality: The earth hath sawllowd every one of my expectations however she, she is the confident woman of my earth, this statement likewise recommends that Juliet is na㠯⠿â ½ve too.The early introductions the crowd will draw towards on Romeo and Juliet is that Romeo is a self cooked adolescent and is sensational while Juliet is devoted, secured, revered and na㠯⠿â ½ve. Shakespeare utilizes circumstances in the play that worry Romeo and circumstances that worry Juliet. Be that as it may, the primary concern is that these circumstances uncover the attributes of the pair before they meet one another. From investigating their trademark the crowd can see that Romeo and Juliet is a perilous mix. Additionally anticipating what is to come in later scenes. The explanations behind this is in one hand Romeo is sensational and consistently needs what he wants and then again Juliet is profoundly loyal. Thus, Romeo will need Juliets heart and Juliet is dutiful so she may acknowledge it.Romeo is at the Capulet house, where a gathering is occurring. Notwithstanding the way that the Montague are the sworn foe of the Capulet, Romeo despite everything faces the challenge and joins in. At the point when Romeo sees Juliet just because he comes out with a talk. Shakespeare has done this so Romeos internal considerations can be uncovered to the crowd. Romeo opens the monologue by praising Juliets excellence: O, she doth show the lights to consume splendid! It appears she hangs upon the cheeks of night. Romeo depicts Juliets magnificence, her face causes her to appear to be brilliant like fire, and he connects fire with Juliets excellence. He proceeds: Like a rich gem in an Ethiopes ear; Beauty too for use, for earth too dear!Romeo contrasts Juliet to an Ethiopian and gem dangling from her ear, he says she is unreasonably useful for regular day to day existence; she is something one of a kind and extraordinary. The play Romeo and Juliet, as far as the correlation of obscurity and light, this subj ect shows up regularly in progressive scenes. The correlation of dim and light is a crucial component of their affection, it is fascinating to take note of that critical love scenes are set in obscurity not in the confusion of the day. This altogether recommends Romeo cherishes Juliet around evening time. Notwithstanding, he kills Tybalt while it is day. This thought is especially obvious in the main demonstration, in the manner in which Romeo is supposed to close out the sunlight while he is longing for his adoration and the dismissal of Rosaline.Romeo is by all accounts overlooking Rosaline. The magnificence of Juliet has lit up Romeo and he has quit any pretense of being discouraged over Rosaline: Did my heart love till now? For swear it sight. Romeo is believing that has he at any point known love until he saw Juliet. At that point he again talks about Juliets magnificence in the last line of the discourse: For I never observed excellence till this night. The past citation confi rms that Romeo has surrendered the affection for Rosaline and he presently believes that he has seen genuine excellence and is in finished love with Juliet. From what the crowd have seen from Romeo so far at the principal meeting with Juliet is that he has changed his course of adoration. The crowd will consider his to be as flighty; he is bouncing starting with one lady then onto the next. This shows how juvenile Romeo is; he accepts each open door to meet his circumstances.Juliets first look at Romeo was the point at which he went up against her in the gathering. Romeo utilizes smart language and multifaceted nuance to allure her: If I profane with my unworthiest hand. This sacred place of worship, the delicate sin is this: My lips, two becoming flushed pioneers, prepared remain to smooth that unpleasant touch with a delicate kiss. Romeo is stating to Juliet if he somehow happened to contact her he would submit impiety. Shakespeare has utilized words, for example, blessed place of worship and pioneers; he does this to make Juliet appear to be unadulterated like religion. What Romeo is attempting to do here is to kiss Juliet. Notwithstanding, Juliet hearing that Romeo is contrasting her with a sanctuary, she proceeds with this strict idea. Juliet considers Romeo a Good pilgrimJuliet then answers to the proposition from Romeo to kiss her: For holy people have hands that explorers hands do contact. What's more, palm to palm is heavenly palmers kiss: By utilizing strict topic like Romeo when he addressed her, Juliet recommends that they should kiss however do it by contacting hands. Romeo appears to be unsatisfied by this and he again proposes to kiss by utilizing their lips: Have not holy person lips, and blessed palmers as well? Juliet straight denies his subsequent proposition: Ay, pioneer, lips that they should use in supplication. Juliet says that explorers utilize their lips in petition. Romeo who is the sort who doesn't take no for an answer again continu es for a kiss: O, at that point, dear holy person, let lips do; they supplicate, award thou, in case confidence go to surrender. Romeo says that let both of their lips contact or the confidence he has in her will go to surrender. Juliet, who has never encountered a circumstance like this is left with two ways; either to acknowledge Romeos proposition, or turn him down.Bearing as a top priority the way that Juliet has not yet gotten a handle on the comprehension of genuine human instinct outside her home, so shockingly she falls under the draw from Romeo and acknowledges his asking: Saints don't move, however award for petitions purpose. This is Juliets method of demonstrating her endorsement. Juliets absence of comprehension in the feeling of affection makes her handily possessed by Romeo. This scene at the gathering was Juliets first since forever arousing to cherish. Romeo effectively accomplishes what he focused on, yet he just figured out how to

Friday, August 21, 2020

Jews essays

Jews articles Since the start of Christ, Jews have been destined from the standard of society. They have frequently been outcaste and consequently minimized. Germanys rout in World War 1 and an overall gloom during the 1930s left the German economy in ruins and drove numerous Germans crazy and angry. Adolf Hitler, pioneer of the Nazi Party, came to control in 1933. Before all else, when Hitler took power, a consistent arrangement of laws killed all privileges of German Jews until eventually they were even denied of the option to live. They held onto Jewish organizations and demolished places of worship. Numerous German Jews figured out how to escape Germany, a lot more were less lucky and were caught in light of the fact that no nation would concede them and they had no methods for self preservation. Most countries had prohibitive movement arrangements and the downturn drove laborers to expect that Jewish outcasts would take their employments. Toward the start of 1937, the United Kingdom bowed to Arab weight and constrained movement to Palestine. Anybody with three or four Jewish grandparents was naturally a Jew, whether or not that individual was an individual from the Jewish people group. Half-Jews were viewed as Jewish just in the event that they themselves had a place with the Jewish religion or were hitched to a Jewish individual. The declared goal of the Nazi system was Jewish resettlement. The antagonistic vibe towards Jews in Germany expanded. This was reflected in the choice by numerous shops Germans were additionally urged not to utilize Jewish specialists The evening of the ninth and tenth of November 1938, after the death of a German representative in Paris by a youthful Jew, all places of worship in Germany were determined to fire, windows of Jewish shops were crushed, and a great many Jews were captured. In practically all enormous German urban communities and some littler ones, more than 7,500 Jewish shops were annihilated a... <!

Knowledge Integration and Modes of Innovation

Question: Examine about the Knowledge Integration and Modes of Innovation. Answer: Presentation: Reason: Skyview Inc. would pull in and hold staffs that are high performing with the goal that the association can accomplish their key objectives, while the staffs stay adjusted to the organization esteems and ethos. The organization can accomplish the arrangement of the organization and its staff by the usage of rules that would be laid out in the Recruitment and Selection Policy. The arrangement would simultaneously ensure the organization meets all the administrative and administrative prerequisites, in the arrangement of appropriately took care of tasks, a culture of predominance and a workforce blend and profile reasonable to its industry necessities and sensibility. Extension: The strategy would apply to the progressing and fixed-term plans of the base level to proficient level staffs. The enlistment and choice rules would give the fitting exhortation on customary practices. Proclamation: Skyview Inc. would choose sets up that are high performing with the assistance of a serious procedure upheld by the principles of legitimacy, value, and straightforwardness. With the assistance of this, the organization would rehearse moral, sensible and impartial staff determination strategies that would be short irreconcilable circumstance, and would be recognized by protection and deferencefor the candidate's private data. Legitimacy: Appointment would be fixated on merit assessed against the prerequisites of the position. During short posting, the choice board of trustees must be fulfilled enough with candidates and select them. Value: All the organization, staffs who might be engaged with the enlistment and choice strategy, would be foreseen to play out the guidelines of fairness and against segregation that would be consistent with the crucial attributes of the organization's endeavor and respect for open equity and value. Privacy: The secrecy of the workforce assurance methodology would be kept up under all conditions. Applications and official reports would be taken care of securely, and focal points of submitted applications, gatherings or whatever another piece of the choice method would not be analyzed outside of the Selection Committee. Breaks of secrecy and their impact on the association and individuals would be seen as specific issues. Irreconcilable circumstance: A person who has or has had a close by singular relationship with a competitor, or who has had some other non-business related concern would not participate in any piece of the determination technique as it could incite to a potential or genuine beyond reconciliation circumstance. In these conditions, an individual need to decline a call or choice to enter a Selection Committee. Arrangements of Members of Religious Congregations: Arrangements of people from strict social occasions are obligated to ordinary arrangements being insisted with the gathering. Such plans are obligated to a Service Agreement between the association and the strict get-together. Work environment Discrimination and Harassment Policy Degree: This arrangement identifies with: board individuals all staff, including heads and chief; full-time, low help or pleasing, brief or perpetual staff; work contenders; understudy positions, supporters, legitimate masters, sub-temporary workers and volunteers how Skyview Inc. offers administrations to customers and how it works together with different individuals from the comprehensive network all pieces of business, choice and choice; conditions and central focuses; prepare and progress; undertaking section; shifts; hours; leave orchestrates; remaining task at hand; hardware and transport on location, off-site or nightfall work; business related social cutoff points; get-togethers any place and at whatever point staff might be along these lines of their Skyview Inc. responsibilities staff treatment of other staff, of customers, and of different individuals from people all things considered achieved over the cross of their Skyview Inc. responsibilities Points: Skyview Inc. is centredon giving a secured, flexible and conscious condition for staff and customers liberated from a wide scope of segment, tormenting and awkward lead. All Skyview Inc. staff are required to treat others with honourability, thought and regard. By adequately executing the Workplace separation and provocation approach they would pull in and hold gifted staff and make a positive condition for staff. Unsatisfactory working environment conduct:Segregation, tormenting and licentious conduct are forbidden at Skyview Inc.and are unlawful under the going with institutions: Sex Discrimination Act 1984 Racial Discrimination Act 1975 Incapacity Discrimination Act 1992 Age Discrimination Act 2004 Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 Staff (including the chief) found to have engaged with such direct may be provoked, cautioned or instructed. Veritable or rehashed breaks can induce to formal educate up to and including excusal. Settling issues at Skyview Inc.:Skyview Inc. steadily reinforces any staff part who accepts they have been abused, tormented, explicitly irritated or beguiled to make a reasonable move by. Staff who don't feel protected or without question to make such move may scan for help for direction and backing or activity their motivation. Other significant Skyview Inc.policies:Staff, especially managers and boss, are asked to examine this arrangement related to other appropriate Skyview Inc. approaches, including Work environment inappropriate behavior approach Adaptable work routines strategy Pregnancy and work procedure and strategy Word related prosperity and security approach Work environment protest goals approach and procedure Control process Strategic, and guidelines articulations Association arranging understandings Administration understanding Staff Induction Policy Explanation: Skyview Inc. accept that every single new joinee MUST be given useful enlistment preparing. The preparation is viewed as a key segment of staff enrolment and mixes into the workplace. This arrangement, related structures and standards depict the Company's faithfulness in guaranteeing that the entirety of the workers are strengthened during the hour of enlistment, to the advantage of the representatives and the Company the same. Point: It is the motivation behind the Company to ensure that workforce acceptance is directed in a shaped and trustworthy way, to draw in representatives to be brought into another position and work environment condition quick with the goal that they can have a state sensibly as quick as time awards. This enlistment arrangement, related methodology and limits intend to set up attainable strides for boss and representatives to take after amidst the acceptance strategy. It is normal that all regulators and staff would hold rapidly to this arrangement. The Company envisions that the execution of appropriate enlistment contributions by chief/executives would: Encourage new masters to sink into the Company quick and secure the chance to be especially profitable and proficient individuals, inside a short time range. Encourage that new individuals are particularly fiery and that this inspiration is fortified. Help in lessening workforce turnover, burglary, non-appearance and poor execution. Help in stirring up an authoritative methodology where the feature is on action. Ensure that agents work in a protected workplace. Would trim down costs identified with visit selection, preparing and lost age. Duty: Skyview Inc.s Human Resources Department/Head Office would: Appropriate norms to adjust chief and workforce with the acceptance framework. Maintain and fortify the Induction Policy. Present with an agenda for boss and the workforce to take after amidst the enlistment time designation. Ensure there is persuading seeing regarding the acceptance technique transcendently in the fundamental three months. Deal with any issues quickly giving a beneficial support of both chief and staff. Survey all approach, system and control reports continually. Give important conventional instructional classes fundamental to help the acceptance method. Acceptance Checklist: Boss/administrators ought to guarantee that these issues have been really valued while the agenda is being done, conceivably as seven days by week visit with the new part. Approaches ought to in like way be set up for the operator to visit at any appropriate divisions with which they have broad association over the cross of their duties. Around the total of the technique, the enlistment agenda must be separate by the critical get-togethers and set in the individual from staff's work constrain record. Catalog Entryways, Trevor G. Mitchell, Christopher G. 2013 'Working environment Stigma-Related Experiences Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Workers: Implications for Social Policy and Practice' Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 28/3: 159-171 Herstad, Sverre J.; Sandven, Tore Ebersberger, Bernd 2015 'Enrollment, information incorporation and methods of advancement' Research Policy 44/1: 138-153